Alan Hilburg 將組織危機定義為急性危機或慢性危機。組織心理學者 Erika Hayes James 指出組織危機的兩種主要類型:突發危機(英語:sudden crisis)與「悶燒」危機(英語:smoldering crisis)。 James 將組織危機定義為“任何由情緒加重的情況,一旦公開,就會引起利益相關者的負面反應,從而有可能威脅到公司或其某些部分的財務狀況、聲譽或生存”。
Erika Hayes James 將需要特定危機領導能力的危機分為五個階段。 每個階段都包含一個領導者必須克服的障礙,以改善組織的結構和運營。 例如,James 之關於金融服務部門危機的案例研究探討了為什麼危機事件會削弱公眾對領導層的信任。 James 的研究表明,正直、積極的意圖、能力、相互尊重和透明度等領導能力如何影響信任建立過程。
1. Turnaround Management Society (欧洲主要机构,服务全球)
2. Institute for Turnaround (英国机构)
3. Turnaround Management Association (服务全球)
4. Institut für die Standardisierung von Unternehmenssanierungen (德国机构)
^Seeger, M. W.; Sellnow, T. L.; Ulmer, R. R. Communication, organization and crisis. Communication Yearbook. 1998, 21: 231–275.
^Venette, S. J. (2003). Risk communication in a High Reliability Organization: APHIS PPQ's inclusion of risk in decision making. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Proquest Information and Learning.
^ASIS International, "Organizational Resilience: Security, Preparedness, and Continuity Management Systems-Requirements with Guidance for Use, ASIS SPC.1-2009, American National Standard", 2009
^ 7.07.17.2Coombs, W. T. Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 1999.
Office of Security and Risk Management Services. Crisis Management Workbook(PDF). Fairfax County Public Schools. October 2007 [2012-09-07]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2007-12-02).
Davidson, M.N. Ethics in Human Resource Management, in P.H. Werhane, R. E. Freeman (Eds.), Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Business Ethics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 2005.
Davidson, M.N. Leading in Black and White: Working across the Racial Divide in Corporate America. Personnel Psychology. 2004, 75 (2).
Davidson, M.N. Here and There: A Conversation about Identity. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist. 2004, 41 (3).
Davidson, M.N. Diversity that matters. Batten Briefings. 2004, 3 (1).
Davidson, M.N. Making the Tough Calls: Negotiating Exclusion in Inclusive and Diverse Organizations. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist. 2003, 41 (1).
Davidson, M.N. Inclusion and Power: Reflections on Dominance and Subordination in Organizations. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist. 2002, 40 (1).
Davidson. Diversity and inclusion: What difference does it make?. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist. 2001, 39 (2).
Davidson, M.N. The impact of race on styles of dealing with conflict. Sex Roles. 2001, 45 (5/6).
Davidson, M.N. Mentoring in the preparation of ethnically diverse graduate students. Review of Educational Research. 2001, 71 (4).
Davidson, M.N. The role of emotion in negotiation: The impact of anger. In R.J. Bies, R.J. Lewicki, B.H. Sheppard, (Eds.), Research on Negotiation in Organizations. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc. 1999.
Davidson, M.N. The value of being included: An examination of diversity change initiatives in organizations. Performance Improvement Quarterly. 1999, 12 (1).
Dezenhall, E. Nail 'em!: Confronting high-profile attacks on celebrities & businesses. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. 2003.
Erickson, Paul A. Emergency Response Planning for Corporate and Municipal Managers 2nd. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 2006.
Feltus, Christophe; Djamel Khadraoui; Cedric Bonhomme. Electric Blackout Prevention: Toward a Computer-Mediated Weather Alert Broadcasting Solution. International Conference on Society and Information Technologies. 6–9 April 2010.
Ferdman. Inclusion: What can I and my organization do about it?. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist. 2002, 39 (4).
Ferdman. Drawing the line: Are some differences too different?. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist. 2002, 39 (3).
Fink, S. Crisis management: Planning for the inevitable. Backinprint.com. 2007.
Friedman, R.A. Managing diversity and second-order conflict. Journal of Conflict Management. 2001, 12 (2).
Friedman, R.A. The role of emotion in negotiation: The impact of anger. In R.J. Bies, R.J. Lewicki, B.H. Sheppard, (Eds.), Research on Negotiation in Organizations. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc. 1999.
Smith, Larry; Dan Millar, PhD. Crisis Management and Communication; How to Gain and Maintain Control 2nd. San Francisco, CA: International Association of Business Communicators. 2002.