In this article we will explore the different aspects related to Ningde dialect, a topic that has captured the attention and curiosity of many people around the world. From its origins to its relevance today, Ningde dialect has been the subject of study and debate in various disciplines. Over the years, Ningde dialect has evolved and exerted influence in various spheres of society, becoming a phenomenon of great interest to academics, professionals and even the general public. In this article, we will thoroughly analyze the different perspectives and approaches on Ningde dialect, with the aim of offering a comprehensive and enriching vision of this fascinating topic.
Ningde | |
---|---|
寧德話 | |
Native to | Ningde, Fujian |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | None |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-icb |
The Ningde dialect (Eastern Min: 寧德話) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in urban areas of Ningde, China, which is a prefecture-level city in the northeastern coast of Fujian province.
The Ningde dialect has 15 initials, 78 rimes and 7 tones.
p, pʰ, m, t, tʰ, n, l, ts, tsʰ, s, k, kʰ, ŋ, x, ʔ
10 monophthongs: a, ɛ, œ, ø, ɔ, o, i, u, y
18 compound vowels: ai, ei, ɔi, oi, øy, au, ɛu, eu, ou, ia, ie, iu, iɐu, ua, uo, ui, uai, uoi
15 nasal rimes: aŋ, ɛŋ, eŋ, œŋ, øŋ, ɔŋ, oŋ, iŋ, uŋ, yŋ, iaŋ, iɛŋ, uaŋ, uoŋ, yøŋ
26 checked rimes: aʔ, ɛʔ, œʔ, øʔ, ɔʔ, iʔ, iaʔ, iɛʔ, uaʔ, uoʔ, yøʔ, ak̚, ɛk̚, ek̚, œk̚, øk̚, ɔk̚, ok̚, ik̚, uk̚, yk̚, iak̚, iɛk̚, uak̚, uok̚, yøk̚
These 6 nasal rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda -ŋ, and will disappear in future: am, ɛm, em, im, iɛm, ɔn
These 5 checked rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda -k̚, and will disappear in future: ap̚, ɛp̚, ep̚, ip̚, iɛp̚
No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tone name | dark level 陰平 |
light level 陽平 |
rising 上聲 |
dark departing 陰去 |
light departing 陽去 |
dark entering 陰入 |
light entering 陽入 |
Tone contour | ˦ (44) | ˨ (22) | ˦˨ (42) | ˧˥ (35) | ˧˧˨ (332) | ˨ (2) | ˥ (5) |
The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:
Coda of the Former Syllable | Initial Assimilation |
---|---|
Null coda | The initial of the latter syllable may change: |
Nasal coda | The initial of the latter syllable may change:
|
checked coda | The former syllable lost its checked coda at first; then, the initial assimilation of latter syllable follow the law above. |
checked coda /-p̚/ | The Initial of latter syllable change to /p/ while the former syllable lost its checked coda /-p̚/ |
The Ningde dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the columns give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the rows give the citation tone of the second syllable):
dark level 44 |
light level 22 |
rising 42 |
dark departing 35 |
light departing 332 |
dark entering 2 |
light entering 5 | |
dark level 44 |
44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
light level 22 |
remain unchanged | ||||||
rising 42 |
55 | ||||||
dark departing 35 |
55 | ||||||
light departing 332 |
44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
dark entering 2 |
55 | ||||||
light entering 5 |
44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 |