In today's world, Abundances of the elements (data page) is a topic or person that has gained great relevance due to its impactful repercussions in various areas of society. Whether on a political, social, economic or cultural level, Abundances of the elements (data page) has captured the attention of experts and citizens alike, generating an intense debate around it. Its influence extends globally, causing significant changes that affect millions of people around the world. As Abundances of the elements (data page) continues to be the subject of interest and research, it is crucial to analyze its implications and consequences in detail to better understand its importance today. In this article, we will delve into the Abundances of the elements (data page) phenomenon, exploring its origins, evolution, and future projections to shed light on its true meaning and scope.
Element | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | U1 | U2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 H hydrogen | 1.40×10−3 | 1.520×10−3 | ||||||
02 He helium | 8×10−9 | |||||||
03 Li lithium | 2.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 1.8×10−5 | 1.3×10−5 | 1.37×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 2.2×10−5 | |
04 Be beryllium | 2.8×10−6 | 2.0×10−6 | 2×10−6 | 1.500×10−6 | 3.000×10−6 | |||
05 B boron | 1.0×10−5 | 7.0×10−6 | 9×10−6 | 1.0000×10−5 | 1.5000×10−5 | |||
06 C carbon | 2.00×10−4 | 1.80×10−4 | 3.76×10−3 | |||||
07 N nitrogen | 1.9×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 1.9×10−5 | |||||
08 O oxygen | 4.61×10−1 | 3.7×10−1 | 4.55000×10−1 | |||||
09 F fluorine | 5.85×10−4 | 4.6×10−4 | 5.44×10−4 | 5.25×10−4 | ||||
10 Ne neon | 5×10−9 | |||||||
11 Na sodium | 2.36×10−2 | 2.3×10−2 | 2.2700×10−2 | 2.3000×10−2 | 2.4400×10−2 | 3.1000×10−2 | 2.89×10−2 | 2.57×10−2 |
12 Mg magnesium | 2.33×10−2 | 2.8×10−2 | 2.7640×10−2 | 3.20×10−2 | 2.37×10−2 | 1.69×10−2 | 1.33×10−2 | 1.35×10−2 |
13 Al aluminium | 8.23×10−2 | 8.0×10−2 | 8.3000×10−2 | 8.4100×10−2 | 8.3050×10−2 | 8.5200×10−2 | 8.0400×10−2 | 7.7400×10−2 |
14 Si silicon | 2.82×10−1 | 2.7×10−1 | 2.72000×10−1 | 2.677×10−1 | 2.81×10−1 | 2.95×10−1 | 3.08×10−1 | 3.04×10−1 |
15 P phosphorus | 1.05×10−3 | 1.0×10−3 | 1.120×10−3 | 7.63×10−4 | 8.30×10−4 | |||
16 S sulfur | 3.50×10−4 | 3.0×10−4 | 3.40×10−4 | 8.81×10−4 | ||||
17 Cl chlorine | 1.45×10−4 | 1.9×10−4 | 1.26×10−4 | 1.900×10−3 | ||||
18 Ar argon | 3.5×10−6 | |||||||
19 K potassium | 2.09×10−2 | 1.7×10−2 | 1.8400×10−2 | 9.100×10−3 | 1.7600×10−2 | 1.7000×10−2 | 2.8000×10−2 | 2.5700×10−2 |
20 Ca calcium | 4.15×10−2 | 5.1×10−2 | 4.6600×10−2 | 5.2900×10−2 | 4.9200×10−2 | 3.4000×10−2 | 3.0000×10−2 | 2.9500×10−2 |
21 Sc scandium | 2.2×10−5 | 2.2×10−5 | 2.5×10−5 | 3.0×10−5 | 2.14×10−5 | 1.1×10−5 | 7×10−6 | |
22 Ti titanium | 5.65×10−3 | 8.6×10−3 | 6.320×10−3 | 5.400×10−3 | 5.250×10−3 | 3.600×10−3 | 3.000×10−3 | 3.120×10−3 |
23 V vanadium | 1.20×10−4 | 1.7×10−4 | 1.36×10−4 | 2.30×10−4 | 1.34×10−4 | 6.0×10−5 | 5.3×10−5 | |
24 Cr chromium | 1.02×10−4 | 9.6×10−5 | 1.22×10−4 | 1.85×10−4 | 1.46×10−4 | 5.6×10−5 | 3.5×10−5 | 3.5×10−5 |
25 Mn manganese | 9.50×10−4 | 1.0×10−3 | 1.060×10−3 | 1.400×10−3 | 8.47×10−4 | 1.000×10−3 | 6.00×10−4 | 5.27×10−4 |
26 Fe iron | 5.63×10−2 | 5.8×10−2 | 6.2000×10−2 | 7.07×10−2 | 4.92×10−2 | 3.8×10−2 | 3.50×10−2 | 3.09×10−2 |
27 Co cobalt | 2.5×10−5 | 2.8×10−5 | 2.9×10−5 | 2.9×10−5 | 2.54×10−5 | 1.0×10−5 | 1.2×10−5 | |
28 Ni nickel | 8.4×10−5 | 7.2×10−5 | 9.9×10−5 | 1.05×10−4 | 6.95×10−5 | 3.5×10−5 | 2×10−5 | 1.9×10−5 |
29 Cu copper | 6.0×10−5 | 5.8×10−5 | 6.8×10−5 | 7.5×10−5 | 4.7×10−5 | 2.5×10−5 | 1.4×10−5 | |
30 Zn zinc | 7.0×10−5 | 8.2×10−5 | 7.6×10−5 | 8.0×10−5 | 7.6×10−5 | 7.1×10−5 | 5.2×10−5 | |
31 Ga gallium | 1.9×10−5 | 1.7×10−5 | 1.9×10−5 | 1.8×10−5 | 1.86×10−5 | 1.7×10−5 | 1.4×10−5 | |
32 Ge germanium | 1.5×10−6 | 1.3×10−6 | 1.5×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | 1.32×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | ||
33 As arsenic | 1.8×10−6 | 2.0×10−6 | 1.8×10−6 | 1.0×10−6 | 2.03×10−6 | 1.5×10−6 | ||
34 Se selenium | 5×10−8 | 5×10−8 | 5×10−8 | 5×10−8 | 1.53×10−7 | 5×10−8 | ||
35 Br bromine | 2.4×10−6 | 4.0×10−6 | 2.5×10−6 | 6.95×10−6 | ||||
36 Kr krypton | 1×10−10 | |||||||
37 Rb rubidium | 9.0×10−5 | 7.0×10−5 | 7.8×10−5 | 3.2×10−5 | 7.90×10−5 | 6.1×10−5 | 1.12×10−4 | 1.10×10−4 |
38 Sr strontium | 3.70×10−4 | 4.5×10−4 | 3.84×10−4 | 2.60×10−4 | 2.93×10−4 | 5.03×10−4 | 3.50×10−4 | 3.16×10−4 |
39 Y yttrium | 3.3×10−5 | 3.5×10−7 | 3.1×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 1.4×10−5 | 2.2×10−5 | 2.1×10−5 | |
40 Zr zirconium | 1.65×10−4 | 1.4×10−4 | 1.62×10−4 | 1.00×10−4 | 2.10×10−4 | 1.90×10−4 | 2.40×10−4 | |
41 Nb niobium | 2.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 1.1000×10−5 | 1.3000×10−5 | 2.5000×10−5 | 2.6000×10−5 | |
42 Mo molybdenum | 1.2×10−6 | 1.2×10−6 | 1.2×10−6 | 1.000×10−6 | 1.500×10−6 | |||
43 Tc technetium | ||||||||
44 Ru ruthenium | 1×10−9 | 1×10−10 | ||||||
45 Rh rhodium | 1×10−9 | 1×10−10 | ||||||
46 Pd palladium | 1.5×10−8 | 3×10−9 | 1.5×10−8 | 1.0×10−9 | 5×10−10 | |||
47 Ag silver | 7.5×10−8 | 8×10−8 | 8×10−8 | 8.0×10−8 | 6.95×10−8 | 5.0×10−8 | ||
48 Cd cadmium | 1.5×10−7 | 1.8×10−7 | 1.6×10−7 | 9.8×10−8 | 1.00×10−7 | 9.8×10−8 | ||
49 In indium | 2.5×10−7 | 2×10−7 | 2.4×10−7 | 5.0×10−8 | 6.95×10−8 | 5.0×10−8 | ||
50 Sn tin | 2.3×10−6 | 1.5×10−6 | 2.1×10−6 | 2.500×10−6 | 5.500×10−6 | |||
51 Sb antimony | 2×10−7 | 2×10−7 | 2×10−7 | 2.00×10−7 | 2.03×10−7 | 2.00×10−7 | ||
52 Te tellurium | 1×10−9 | 1×10−9 | 2.03×10−9 | |||||
53 I iodine | 4.5×10−7 | 5×10−7 | 4.6×10−7 | 1.540×10−6 | ||||
54 Xe xenon | 3×10−11 | |||||||
55 Cs caesium | 3×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | 2.6×10−6 | 1.000×10−6 | 1.310×10−6 | 3.700×10−6 | ||
56 Ba barium | 4.25×10−4 | 3.8×10−4 | 3.90×10−4 | 2.50000×10−4 | 5.42000×10−4 | 7.07000×10−4 | 5.50000×10−4 | 1.070000×10−3 |
57 La lanthanum | 3.9×10−5 | 5.0×10−5 | 3.5×10−5 | 1.6000×10−5 | 2.9000×10−5 | 2.8000×10−5 | 3.0000×10−5 | 3.200×10−6 |
58 Ce cerium | 6.65×10−5 | 8.3×10−5 | 6.6×10−5 | 3.3000×10−5 | 5.4200×10−5 | 5.7000×10−5 | 6.4000×10−5 | 6.5000×10−5 |
59 Pr praseodymium | 9.2×10−6 | 1.3×10−5 | 9.1×10−6 | 3.900×10−6 | 7.100×10−6 | |||
60 Nd neodymium | 4.15×10−5 | 4.4×10−5 | 4.0×10−5 | 1.6000×10−5 | 2.5400×10−5 | 2.3000×10−5 | 2.6000×10−5 | 2.6000×10−5 |
61 Pm promethium | ||||||||
62 Sm samarium | 7.05×10−6 | 7.7×10−6 | 7.0×10−6 | 3.500×10−6 | 5.590×10−6 | 4.100×10−6 | 4.500×10−6 | 4.500×10−6 |
63 Eu europium | 2.0×10−6 | 2.2×10−6 | 2.1×10−6 | 1.100×10−6 | 1.407×10−6 | 1.090×10−6 | 8.80×10−7 | 9.40×10−7 |
64 Gd gadolinium | 6.2×10−6 | 6.3×10−6 | 6.1×10−6 | 3.300×10−6 | 8.140×10−6 | 3.800×10−6 | 2.800×10−6 | |
65 Tb terbium | 1.2×10−6 | 1.0×10−6 | 1.2×10−6 | 6.00×10−7 | 1.020×10−6 | 5.30×10−7 | 6.40×10−7 | 4.80×10−7 |
66 Dy dysprosium | 5.2×10−6 | 8.5×10−6 | 3.700×10−6 | 6.102×10−6 | 3.500×10−6 | |||
67 Ho holmium | 1.3×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | 1.3×10−6 | 7.80×10−7 | 1.860×10−6 | 8.00×10−7 | 6.20×10−7 | |
68 Er erbium | 3.5×10−6 | 3.6×10−6 | 3.5×10−6 | 2.200×10−6 | 3.390×10−6 | 2.300×10−6 | ||
69 Tm thulium | 5.2×10−7 | 5.2×10−7 | 5×10−7 | 3.20×10−7 | 2.40×10−7 | 3.30×10−7 | ||
70 Yb ytterbium | 3.2×10−6 | 3.4×10−6 | 3.1×10−6 | 2.200×10−6 | 3.390×10−6 | 1.530×10−6 | 2.200×10−6 | 1.500×10−6 |
71 Lu lutetium | 8×10−7 | 8×10−7 | 3.00×10−7 | 5.76×10−7 | 2.30×10−7 | 3.20×10−7 | 2.30×10−7 | |
72 Hf hafnium | 3.0×10−6 | 4×10−6 | 2.8×10−6 | 3.000×10−6 | 3.460×10−6 | 4.700×10−6 | 5.800×10−6 | 5.800×10−6 |
73 Ta tantalum | 2.0×10−6 | 2.4×10−6 | 1.7×10−6 | 1.000×10−6 | 2.203×10−6 | 2.200×10−6 | ||
74 W tungsten | 1.25×10−6 | 1.0×10−6 | 1.2×10−6 | 1.000×10−6 | 1.310×10−6 | 2.000×10−6 | ||
75 Re rhenium | 7×10−10 | 4×10−10 | 7×10−10 | 5×10−10 | 1.02×10−9 | 5×10−10 | ||
76 Os osmium | 1.5×10−9 | 2×10−10 | 5×10−9 | 1.02×10−9 | ||||
77 Ir iridium | 1×10−9 | 2×10−10 | 1×10−9 | 1×10−10 | 1.02×10−9 | 2×10−11 | ||
78 Pt platinum | 5×10−9 | 1×10−8 | ||||||
79 Au gold | 4×10−9 | 2×10−9 | 4×10−9 | 3.0×10−9 | 4.07×10−9 | 1.8×10−9 | ||
80 Hg mercury | 8.5×10−8 | 2×10−8 | 8×10−8 | |||||
81 Tl thallium | 8.5×10−7 | 4.7×10−7 | 7×10−7 | 3.60×10−7 | 7.50×10−7 | 5.20×10−7 | ||
82 Pb lead | 1.4×10−5 | 1.0×10−5 | 1.3×10−5 | 8.000×10−6 | 1.5000×10−5 | 2.0000×10−5 | 1.7000×10−5 | |
83 Bi bismuth | 8.5×10−9 | 4×10−9 | 8×10−9 | 6.0×10−8 | 1.27×10−7 | |||
84 Po polonium | 2×10−16 | |||||||
85 At astatine | ||||||||
86 Rn radon | 4×10−19 | |||||||
87 Fr francium | ||||||||
88 Ra radium | 9×10−13 | |||||||
89 Ac actinium | 5.5×10−16 | |||||||
90 Th thorium | 9.6×10−6 | 5.8×10−6 | 8.1×10−6 | 3.500×10−6 | 5.700×10−6 | 1.0700×10−5 | 1.0000×10−5 | |
91 Pa protactinium | 1.4×10−12 | |||||||
92 U uranium | 2.7×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | 2.3×10−6 | 9.10×10−7 | 1.200×10−6 | 1.300×10−6 | 2.800×10−6 | 2.500×10−6 |
93 Np neptunium | ||||||||
94 Pu plutonium |
The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical (ecological and geochemical) characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. Regardless of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the element abundances in urban soils generally reflect those in the Earth's crust. With the development of technology the abundances may be refined.
Mass fraction, in mg/kg (ppm).
Element | Atomic number | Abundance in urban soils |
---|---|---|
Ag | 47 | 0.37 |
Al | 13 | 38200 |
As | 33 | 15.9 |
B | 5 | 45 |
Ba | 56 | 853.12 |
Be | 4 | 3.3 |
Bi | 83 | 1.12 |
C | 6 | 45100 |
Ca | 20 | 53800 |
Cd | 48 | 0.9 |
Cl | 17 | 285 |
Co | 27 | 14.1 |
Cr | 24 | 80 |
Cs | 55 | 5.0 |
Cu | 29 | 39 |
Fe | 26 | 22300 |
Ga | 31 | 16.2 |
Ge | 32 | 1.8 |
H | 1 | 15000 |
Hg | 80 | 0.88 |
K | 19 | 13400 |
La | 57 | 34 |
Li | 3 | 49.5 |
Mg | 12 | 7900 |
Mn | 25 | 729 |
Mo | 42 | 2.4 |
N | 7 | 10000 |
Na | 11 | 5800 |
Nb | 41 | 15.7 |
Ni | 28 | 33 |
O | 8 | 490000 |
P | 15 | 1200 |
Pb | 82 | 54.5 |
Rb | 37 | 58 |
S | 16 | 1200 |
Sb | 51 | 1.0 |
Sc | 21 | 9.4 |
Si | 14 | 289000 |
Sn | 50 | 6.8 |
Sr | 38 | 458 |
Ta | 73 | 1.5 |
Ti | 22 | 4758 |
Tl | 81 | 1.1 |
V | 23 | 104.9 |
W | 74 | 2.9 |
Y | 39 | 23.4 |
Yb | 70 | 2.4 |
Zn | 30 | 158 |
Zr | 40 | 255.6 |
Mass per volume fraction, in kg/L. (The average density of sea water in the surface is 1.025 kg/L)
Element | W1 | W2 |
---|---|---|
01 H hydrogen | 1.08×10−1 | 1.1×10−1 |
02 He helium | 7×10−12 | 7.2×10−12 |
03 Li lithium | 1.8×10−7 | 1.7×10−7 |
04 Be beryllium | 5.6×10−12 | 6×10−13 |
05 B boron | 4.44×10−6 | 4.4×10−6 |
06 C carbon | 2.8×10−5 | 2.8×10−5 |
07 N nitrogen | 5×10−7 | 1.6×10−5 |
08 O oxygen | 8.57×10−1 | 8.8×10−1 |
09 F fluorine | 1.3×10−6 | 1.3×10−6 |
10 Ne neon | 1.2×10−10 | 1.2×10−10 |
11 Na sodium | 1.08×10−2 | 1.1×10−2 |
12 Mg magnesium | 1.29×10−3 | 1.3×10−3 |
13 Al aluminium | 2×10−9 | 1×10−9 |
14 Si silicon | 2.2×10−6 | 2.9×10−6 |
15 P phosphorus | 6×10−8 | 8.8×10−8 |
16 S sulfur | 9.05×10−4 | 9.0×10−4 |
17 Cl chlorine | 1.94×10−2 | 1.9×10−2 |
18 Ar argon | 4.5×10−7 | 4.5×10−7 |
19 K potassium | 3.99×10−4 | 3.9×10−4 |
20 Ca calcium | 4.12×10−4 | 4.1×10−4 |
21 Sc scandium | 6×10−13 | < 4×10−12 |
22 Ti titanium | 1×10−9 | 1×10−9 |
23 V vanadium | 2.5×10−9 | 1.9×10−9 |
24 Cr chromium | 3×10−10 | 2×10−10 |
25 Mn manganese | 2×10−10 | 1.9×10−9 |
26 Fe iron | 2×10−9 | 3.4×10−9 |
27 Co cobalt | 2×10−11 | 3.9×10−10 |
28 Ni nickel | 5.6×10−10 | 6.6×10−9 |
29 Cu copper | 2.5×10−10 | 2.3×10−8 |
30 Zn zinc | 4.9×10−9 | 1.1×10−8 |
31 Ga gallium | 3×10−11 | 3×10−11 |
32 Ge germanium | 5×10−11 | 6×10−11 |
33 As arsenic | 3.7×10−9 | 2.6×10−9 |
34 Se selenium | 2×10−10 | 9.0×10−11 |
35 Br bromine | 6.73×10−5 | 6.7×10−5 |
36 Kr krypton | 2.1×10−10 | 2.1×10−10 |
37 Rb rubidium | 1.2×10−7 | 1.2×10−7 |
38 Sr strontium | 7.9×10−6 | 8.1×10−6 |
39 Y yttrium | 1.3×10−11 | 1.3×10−12 |
40 Zr zirconium | 3×10−11 | 2.6×10−11 |
41 Nb niobium | 1×10−11 | 1.5×10−11 |
42 Mo molybdenum | 1×10−8 | 1.0×10−8 |
43 Tc technetium | ||
44 Ru ruthenium | 7×10−13 | |
45 Rh rhodium | ||
46 Pd palladium | ||
47 Ag silver | 4×10−11 | 2.8×10−10 |
48 Cd cadmium | 1.1×10−10 | 1.1×10−10 |
49 In indium | 2×10−8 | |
50 Sn tin | 4×10−12 | 8.1×10−10 |
51 Sb antimony | 2.4×10−10 | 3.3×10−10 |
52 Te tellurium | ||
53 I iodine | 6×10−8 | 6.4×10−8 |
54 Xe xenon | 5×10−11 | 4.7×10−11 |
55 Cs caesium | 3×10−10 | 3.0×10−10 |
56 Ba barium | 1.3×10−8 | 2.1×10−8 |
57 La lanthanum | 3.4×10−12 | 3.4×10−12 |
58 Ce cerium | 1.2×10−12 | 1.2×10−12 |
59 Pr praseodymium | 6.4×10−13 | 6.4×10−13 |
60 Nd neodymium | 2.8×10−12 | 2.8×10−12 |
61 Pm promethium | ||
62 Sm samarium | 4.5×10−13 | 4.5×10−13 |
63 Eu europium | 1.3×10−13 | 1.3×10−13 |
64 Gd gadolinium | 7×10−13 | 7.0×10−13 |
65 Tb terbium | 1.4×10−13 | 1.4×10−12 |
66 Dy dysprosium | 9.1×10−13 | 9.1×10−13 |
67 Ho holmium | 2.2×10−13 | 2.2×10−13 |
68 Er erbium | 8.7×10−13 | 8.7×10−12 |
69 Tm thulium | 1.7×10−13 | 1.7×10−13 |
70 Yb ytterbium | 8.2×10−13 | 8.2×10−13 |
71 Lu lutetium | 1.5×10−13 | 1.5×10−13 |
72 Hf hafnium | 7×10−12 | < 8×10−12 |
73 Ta tantalum | 2×10−12 | < 2.5×10−12 |
74 W tungsten | 1×10−10 | < 1×10−12 |
75 Re rhenium | 4×10−12 | |
76 Os osmium | ||
77 Ir iridium | ||
78 Pt platinum | ||
79 Au gold | 4×10−12 | 1.1×10−11 |
80 Hg mercury | 3×10−11 | 1.5×10−10 |
81 Tl thallium | 1.9×10−11 | |
82 Pb lead | 3×10−11 | 3×10−11 |
83 Bi bismuth | 2×10−11 | 2×10−11 |
84 Po polonium | 1.5×10−20 | |
85 At astatine | ||
86 Rn radon | 6×10−22 | |
87 Fr francium | ||
88 Ra radium | 8.9×10−17 | |
89 Ac actinium | ||
90 Th thorium | 1×10−12 | 1.5×10−12 |
91 Pa protactinium | 5×10−17 | |
92 U uranium | 3.2×10−9 | 3.3×10−9 |
93 Np neptunium | ||
94 Pu plutonium |
Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.
Element | S1 | Y1 | Y2 |
---|---|---|---|
01 H hydrogen | 2.8×104 | 2.8×104* | 2.79×104 |
02 He helium | 2.7×103 | 2.7×103* | 2.72×103 |
03 Li lithium | 4.0×10−7 | 5.7×10−5 | 5.71×10−5 (9.2%) |
04 Be beryllium | 4.0×10−7 | 7.0×10−7 | 7.30×10−7 (9.5%) |
05 B boron | 1.1×10−5 | 2.1×10−5 | 2.12×10−5 (10%) |
06 C carbon | 1.0×101 | 1.0×101* | 1.01×101 |
07 N nitrogen | 3.1×100 | 3.1×100* | 3.13×100 |
08 O oxygen | 2.4×101 | 2.4×101* | 2.38×101 (10%) |
09 F fluorine | about 1.0×10−3 | 8.5×10−4 | 8.43×10−4 (15%) |
10 Ne neon | 3.0×100 | 3.0×100* | 3.44×100 (14%) |
11 Na sodium | 6.0×10−2 | 5.7×10−2 | 5.74×10−2 (7.1%) |
12 Mg magnesium | 1.0×100 | 1.1×100 | 1.074×100 (3.8%) |
13 Al aluminium | 8.3×10−2 | 8.5×10−2 | 8.49×10−2 (3.6%) |
14 Si silicon | 1.0×100 | 1.0×100 | 1.0×100 (4.4%) |
15 P phosphorus | 8.0×10−3 | 1.0×10−2 | 1.04×10−2 (10%) |
16 S sulfur | 4.5×10−1 | 5.2×10−1 | 5.15×10−1 (13%) |
17 Cl chlorine | about 9.0×10−3 | 5.2×10−3 | 5.24×10−3 (15%) |
18 Ar argon | 1.0×10−1* | 1.0×10−1* | 1.01×10−1 (6%) |
19 K potassium | 3.7×10−3 | 3.8×10−3 | 3.77×10−3 (7.7%) |
20 Ca calcium | 6.4×10−2 | 6.1×10−2 | 6.11×10−2 (7.1%) |
21 Sc scandium | 3.5×10−5 | 3.4×10−5 | 3.42×10−5 (8.6%) |
22 Ti titanium | 2.7×10−3 | 2.4×10−3 | 2.40×10−3 (5.0%) |
23 V vanadium | 2.8×10−4 | 2.9×10−4 | 2.93×10−4 (5.1%) |
24 Cr chromium | 1.3×10−2 | 1.3×10−2 | 1.35×10−2 (7.6%) |
25 Mn manganese | 6.9×10−3 | 9.5×10−3 | 9.55×10−3 (9.6%) |
26 Fe iron | 9.0×10−1 | 9.0×10−1 | 9.00×10−1 (2.7%) |
27 Co cobalt | 2.3×10−3 | 2.3×10−3 | 2.25×10−3 (6.6%) |
28 Ni nickel | 5.0×10−2 | 5.0×10−2 | 4.93×10−2 (5.1%) |
29 Cu copper | 4.5×10−4 | 5.2×10−4 | 5.22×10−4 (11%) |
30 Zn zinc | 1.1×10−3 | 1.3×10−3 | 1.26×10−3 (4.4%) |
31 Ga gallium | 2.1×10−5 | 3.8×10−5 | 3.78×10−5 (6.9%) |
32 Ge germanium | 7.2×10−5 | 1.2×10−4 | 1.19×10−4 (9.6%) |
33 As arsenic | 6.6×10−6 | 6.56×10−6 (12%) | |
34 Se selenium | 6.3×10−5 | 6.21×10−5 (6.4%) | |
35 Br bromine | 1.2×10−5 | 1.18×10−5 (19%) | |
36 Kr krypton | 4.8×10−5 | 4.50×10−5 (18%) | |
37 Rb rubidium | 1.1×10−5 | 7.0×10−6 | 7.09×10−6 (6.6%) |
38 Sr strontium | 2.2×10−5 | 2.4×10−5 | 2.35×10−5 (8.1%) |
39 Y yttrium | 4.9×10−6 | 4.6×10−6 | 4.64×10−6 (6.0%) |
40 Zr zirconium | 1.12×10−5 | 1.14×10−5 | 1.14×10−5 (6.4%) |
41 Nb niobium | 7.0×10−7 | 7.0×10−7 | 6.98×10−7 (1.4%) |
42 Mo molybdenum | 2.3×10−6 | 2.6×10−6 | 2.55×10−6 (5.5%) |
43 Tc technetium | |||
44 Ru ruthenium | 1.9×10−6 | 1.9×10−6 | 1.86×10−6 (5.4%) |
45 Rh rhodium | 4.0×10−7 | 3.4×10−7 | 3.44×10−7 (8%) |
46 Pd palladium | 1.4×10−6 | 1.4×10−6 | 1.39×10−6 (6.6%) |
47 Ag silver | about 2.0×10−7 | 4.9×10−7 | 4.86×10−7 (2.9%) |
48 Cd cadmium | 2.0×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | 1.61×10−6 (6.5%) |
49 In indium | about 1.3×10−6 | 1.9×10−7 | 1.84×10−7 (6.4%) |
50 Sn tin | about 3.0×10−6 | 3.9×10−6 | 3.82×10−6 (9.4%) |
51 Sb antimony | about 3.0×10−7 | 3.1×10−7 | 3.09×10−7 (18%) |
52 Te tellurium | 4.9×10−6 | 4.81×10−6 (10%) | |
53 I iodine | 9.0×10−7 | 9.00×10−7 (21%) | |
54 Xe xenon | 4.8×10−6 | 4.70×10−6 (20%) | |
55 Cs caesium | 3.7×10−7 | 3.72×10−7 (5.6%) | |
56 Ba barium | 3.8×10−6 | 4.5×10−6 | 4.49×10−6 (6.3%) |
57 La lanthanum | 5.0×10−7 | 4.4×10−7 | 4.46×10−7 (2.0%) |
58 Ce cerium | 1.0×10−6 | 1.1×10−6 | 1.136×10−6 (1.7%) |
59 Pr praseodymium | 1.4×10−7 | 1.7×10−7 | 1.669×10−7 (2.4%) |
60 Nd neodymium | 9.0×10−7 | 8.3×10−7 | 8.279×10−7 (1.3%) |
61 Pm promethium | |||
62 Sm samarium | 3.0×10−7 | 2.6×10−7 | 2.582×10−7 (1.3%) |
63 Eu europium | 9.0×10−8 | 9.7×10−8 | 9.73×10−8 (1.6%) |
64 Gd gadolinium | 3.7×10−7 | 3.3×10−7 | 3.30×10−7 (1.4%) |
65 Tb terbium | about 2.0×10−8 | 6.0×10−8 | 6.03×10−8 (2.2%) |
66 Dy dysprosium | 3.5×10−7 | 4.0×10−7 | 3.942×10−7 (1.4%) |
67 Ho holmium | about 5.0×10−8 | 8.9×10−8 | 8.89×10−8 (2.4%) |
68 Er erbium | 2.4×10−7 | 2.5×10−7 | 2.508×10−7 (1.3%) |
69 Tm thulium | about 3.0×10−8 | 3.8×10−8 | 3.78×10−8 (2.3%) |
70 Yb ytterbium | 3.4×10−7 | 2.5×10−7 | 2.479×10−7 (1.6%) |
71 Lu lutetium | about 1.5×10−7 | 3.7×10−8 | 3.67×10−8 (1.3%) |
72 Hf hafnium | 2.1×10−7 | 1.5×10−7 | 1.54×10−7 (1.9%) |
73 Ta tantalum | 3.8×10−8 | 2.07×10−8 (1.8%) | |
74 W tungsten | about 3.6×10−7 | 1.3×10−7 | 1.33×10−7 (5.1%) |
75 Re rhenium | 5.0×10−8 | 5.17×10−8 (9.4%) | |
76 Os osmium | 8.0×10−7 | 6.7×10−7 | 6.75×10−7 (6.3%) |
77 Ir iridium | 6.0×10−7 | 6.6×10−7 | 6.61×10−7 (6.1%) |
78 Pt platinum | about 1.8×10−6 | 1.34×10−6 | 1.34×10−6 (7.4%) |
79 Au gold | about 3.0×10−7 | 1.9×10−7 | 1.87×10−7 (15%) |
80 Hg mercury | 3.4×10−7 | 3.40×10−7 (12%) | |
81 Tl thallium | about 2.0×10−7 | 1.9×10−7 | 1.84×10−7 (9.4%) |
82 Pb lead | 2.0×10−6 | 3.1×10−6 | 3.15×10−6 (7.8%) |
83 Bi bismuth | 1.4×10−7 | 1.44×10−7 (8.2%) | |
84 Po polonium | |||
85 At astatine | |||
86 Rn radon | |||
87 Fr francium | |||
88 Ra radium | |||
89 Ac actinium | |||
90 Th thorium | 5.0×10−8 | 4.5×10−8 | 3.35×10−8 (5.7%) |
91 Pa protactinium | |||
92 U uranium | 1.8×10−8 | 9.00×10−9 (8.4%) | |
93 Np neptunium | |||
94 Pu plutonium |
Due to the estimate nature of these values, no single recommendations are given. All values are normalized for these tables. Underlined zeroes indicate figures of indeterminable significance that were present in the source notation.
From these sources in an online version of David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea:
National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements, B.E.J. Pagel
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997). ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 Appendix 4, Abundance of Elements in Crustal Rocks.
Newsom, Horton E. (1995), "Composition of the Solar System, Planets, Meteorites, and Major Terrestrial Reservoirs", in Ahrens, Thomas J. (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, AGU Reference Shelf, vol. 1, American Geophysical Union, Tables 1, 14, 15., Bibcode:1995geph.conf.....A, doi:10.1029/RF001, ISBN 0-87590-851-9